Table of Contents for New Hanover County, NC Viburnums
There are 11 species of native or nearly native New Hanover County, NC viburnums (Viburnum spp.) that can be grown for butterflies and other insects. Viburnums are an important host species for three butterflies, the Henry’s elfin, spring azure, and the holly blue, in New Hanover County. These plants are also an important nectar source to all insects visiting your pollinator garden and a food source for birds.
General Information about Native Plant and Pollinator Gardens
When planting a native plant and pollinator garden in New Hanover County, North Carolina, you need to ensure that you have a selection of plants that provide blooms at different times of the year. Besides viburnums, other host plants that attract other butterflies and pollinators should be considered. These could include milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) for monarch (Danaus plexippus) and queen (Danaus gilippus) butterflies, spicebush (Lindera benzoin) for the spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus), pawpaw (Asimina triloba) for zebra swallowtails (Eurytides marcellus), pipevine (Aristolochia spp.) for pipevine swallowtails (Battus philenor), and passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) for the Gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae).
In addition to the plants, you need to provide a source of water such as a birdbath or water feature, shelter for animals, and nesting locations for birds. Be sure to also include plants of different heights for perching. Resources you can use for more information on butterfly gardening in New Hanover County, NC include New Hanover County office of NC Cooperative Extension, Airlie Gardens, the Cape Fear Audubon Society, and the North Carolina Wildlife Federation’s Butterfly Highway.
Location of New Hanover County, NC
.
New Hanover County is located in southeastern North Carolina between the Cape Fear River and the Atlantic Ocean. The largest city is Wilmington, which is one of the fastest growing cities in the state and one of two ports in the state.
USDA Plant Hardiness Zones in New Hanover County, NC
New Hanover County, North Carolina is located within plant hardiness zone 8b. Between 2012 and 2023, the zone changed from 8a to 8b. When selecting plants in New Hanover County, you will want to get those that can handle temperatures as cold as 150F.
Butterflies in New Hanover County, NC that are Hosted by Viburnums (Viburnum spp.)
Henry’s Elfin (Callophrys henrici)
The Henry’s elfin has a dark brown upperside and an underside that is two-toned brown. As an adult it is a small butterfly with a wingspan of 0.8 in (2.0 cm) to 1.0 in (2.5 cm).
The light green eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plant. The larva hatch from a orange-brown pupa and range from greenish-yellow to red-brown in color. This species has one brood a year.
Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus)
The holly blue is slvery blue in color with ivory dots on the upperside and a silvery-white underside. Adults have a wingspan of 1.4 in (3.6 cm) to 3.5 in (8.9 cm).
The whitish eggs are laid on the host plant and they have green or brown larvae. This species can have up to three broods throughout the growing season.
Spring Azure (Celastrina ladon)
The Spring Azure is a silvery metallic blue on the upperside and has a silvery underside. Females, unlike the males, have a black margin on the wings. A fully grown adult has a wingspan of 0.87 in (2.2 cm) and 1.38 in (3.5 cm).
The whitish eggs are laid on the flower buds of host plants. Several broods a year, more in the south and less in the north, can produce green colored larvae with brown accents.
List of Viburnums that are Native or Nearly Native in New Hanover County, North Carolina
1. Maple-leaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), a Viburnum for Dry to Moist Well-drained Soils
Maple-leaf viburnum is found rich forests, woodlands, and woodland thickets in dry to moist well-drained soils that are slightly acidic. The plants should get about 4-6 hours of direct sunlight each day. During dry spells, the plants shoud be watered and a layer of mulch should be laid to help suppress weeds. Suitable companion plants for this species depend on the exposure to sun. For sunnier places, butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia fulgida), and blue mistflower (Conoclinum coelestinum) make excellent companions and provide a variety of color. For shadier places, consider woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica), and various ferns as companion plants.
Facts about Maple-leaf Viburnum
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, central and western counties (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: Rich forests, woodlands, and woodland thickets that have medium to dry soils.
- Height: 3 ft (0.9 m) to 6 ft (1.8 m)
- Flower Color: cream to white
- Flowering Period: June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 3-8
Gardening with Maple-leaf Viburnum
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden this species requires part-shade or dappled sunlight and dry to moist soils that are well-drained. This plant can handle full sun conditions in a garden setting, but does best in shaded conditions. In New Hanover County, this species is at the upper limit of its hardiness and could suffer heat stress. As such it may be good to plant it in shadier areas.
2. Bracted Viburnum (Viburnum bracteatum), a Viburnum for Medium to Moist Well-drained Soils
Bracted viburnum, in the wild, is found in open wooded areas where it can get full sun to part shade conditions. It prefers medium to moist well-soils that are slightly acidic. To feature this plant in your garden, plant it in the center with the companion plants surrounding it. When selecting companions try to get plants that match the white flowers of the viburnum, for instance, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Some possible plants to choose are similar to those of the maple-leaf viburnum in sunnier areas. For shadier areas, consider coral bells (Heuchera spp.), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), and ferns.
Be sure to have a variety of nectar plants that bloom throughout the season in order to provide sustenance to butterflies and other insects. One great choice in the fall is goldenrod (Solidago spp.), which provides a wealth of nectar in the late season.
Facts about Bracted Viburnum
- Native to North Carolina: No (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: open wooded areas
- Height: 6 ft (1.8 m) to 10 ft (3.0 m)
- Flower Color: cream to white
- Flowering Period: May to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 6-8
Gardening with Bracted Viburnum
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden this viburnum requires full sun to part-shade medium to moist soils that are well-drained. In New Hanover County, this species is at the upper limit of its hardiness. As a result it may experience heat stress and may have more stress in the future from climate change warming. This plant is known for its fragrance.
3. Southern Arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum), a Viburnum for Medium to Moist Well-drained Soils
Southern arrow-wood is so named for the straight stems that used to be made into arrows by the Native Americans. This shrub can reach a height of 15 feet and has white flowers. Soils should be medium to moist and well-drained with a full sun to part shade exposure. In the fall the blue berries are enjoyed by birds. Suitable companion plants in sunnier places include those previously mentioned plus coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), beebalm (Monarda didyma), and blazing star (Liatris spicata). For shadier places, oak-leaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia), wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), woodland phlox (Phlox divaricata), and cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum).
Facts about Southern Arrow-wood
Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum in North Carolina
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, scattered in northeast, central, and western counties (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: Rich forests, woodlands, floodplains, and wetlands
- Height: 5 ft (1.5 m) to 15 ft (4.6 m)
- Flower Color: cream to white
- Flowering Period: March to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 2-8
Gardening with Southern Arrow-wood
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden, this species requires full sun to part-shade and medium to moist well-drained soils. In a garden situation, it can handle drier soils (Flemer 1984). This shrub has brilliant color in the fall, which gives added value to your garden. Since this species can exist in much cooler climates and is at the upper limit of its hardiness, it may experience heat stress in the future.
4. Nanny-Berry (Viburnum lentago), a Viburnum for Medium to Moist Well-drained Soils
Nanny-Berry in the wild grows wooded wet areas and grows from 15 to 18 feet tall. In a garden situation it requires medium to moist soils and full sun to part shade. Companion plants should be chosen to provide a color tapestry and enhance the feeding opportunities provided by this shrub. Suitable plants with nanny-berry include obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), wild indigo (Baptisia australis), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), and ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis). A variety of goldenrods (Solidago spp.) can be provided for autumn nectaring. A nice companion shrub to this plant is Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica), which complements the flower color and height.
Facts about Nanny-Berry
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, rare in Swain County in the western part of the state (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: Rich woods that are moist, stream banks (King 1912), swamps, roadsides (Arnold Arboretum 1919), wood edges (Mohlenbrock 1954), thickets (McCormac and Schneider 1994)
- Height: 15 ft (4.5 m) to 18 ft (5.5 m)
- Flower Color: cream to white
- Flowering Period: May to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 2-8
Gardening with Nanny-Berry
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden, this viburnum requires full sun to part-shade and medium to moist well-drained soils. This species is at the upper limit of its hardiness in New Hanover County and may experience heat stress in future due to climate change induced warming. In addition, this species is native to the mountains.
5. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood (Viburnum molle), a Viburnum for Moist to Dry Well-drained high-pH Soils
Soft-leaf arrow-wood, in the wild, grows on rocky bluffs and bottomlands. It can get a height of 6-12 feet high and white blossoms in the spring with blue drupes in the autumns, which are loved by birds. Suitable companion plants in the New Hanover County area include mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium), alum-root (Heuchera spp.), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Virginia bluebell (Mertensia virginica), and woodland phlox (Phlox divaricata). A planting of redbud (Cercis canadensis) can provide some color interest in the spring.
Facts about Soft-leaf Arrow-wood
- Native to North Carolina: No (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: Rocky bluff forests on calcareous substrate and bottomlands (wikipedia).
- Height: 6 ft (1.8 m) to 12 ft (3.7 m)
- Flower Color: cream to white
- Flowering Period: May to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 2-8
Gardening with Soft-leaf Arrow-wood
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden, this viburnum requires full sun to part-shade and moist to dry well-drained high pH soils. This species is at the upper limit of its hardiness zone and may experience heat stress. This species may do well in some of the limestone soils of the coastal area. However, it may be hard to find since it is rare throughout most of its range.
6. Possumhaw (Viburnum nudum), a Viburnum for Medium to Wet Well-drained Soils
Possumhaw, in the wild, grows in wetland areas and reaches a height of up to 15 feet. The snowball shaped white flowers come out in May and it has a blue-black drupe in the fall that is enjoyed by birds. The leaves also have an attractive red color in the fall. Suitable companion plants in the New Hanover County area are different that some of the other species because of needing moist to wet soils. For sunnier places, swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), Joe-Pye weed (Eutrochium purpureum), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), and ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis) are suitable. For shadier places, winterberry (Ilex verticillata), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), and Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) are great companions.
Because of the soils, river birch (Betula nigra) and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), can make for some taller companions in the garden.
Facts about Possumhaw
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides and Viburnum nudum var. nudum in North Carolina
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, var. cassinoides western counties, var. nudum throughout (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: Yes, var. nudum
- Natural Habitat: Swamps (wikipedia), seepage swamps (Belden and Derge 2003 and Sundell, et al 1999), and bogs (MacRoberts, et al 2004)
- Height: 5 ft (1.5 m) to 15 ft (4.6 m)
- Flower Color: white to cream
- Flowering Period: April to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 5-9
Gardening with Possumhaw
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden, this species requires full sun to partial shade and medium to wet well-drained soils. This species can exist in a higher hardiness zone than New Hanover County is currently located.
7. Small-leaf Arrow-wood (Viburnum obovatum), a Viburnum for Medium Well-drained Soils
Small-leaf arrow-wood grows in mesic woodlands and in a garden setting with ideal conditions can reach a height of 30 feet. However, generally it is shorter in most cases. Like a number of other viburnums, it has white flowers and blue-black drupes that are eatern by birds. Possible companion plants include rose mallow (Hibiscus coccineus), blazing star (Liatris spicata), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia fulgida), Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica), and coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens).
Facts about Small-leaf Arrow-wood
- Native to North Carolina: No (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: disturbed mesic woodlands (Anderson 2007)
- Height: 10 ft (3.0 m) to 30 ft (9.1 m)
- Flower Color: white
- Flowering Period: March to April
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 6-10
Gardening with Small-leaf Arrow-wood
In your New Hanover County, NC butterfly garden, this viburnum requires full sun to partial shade and medium well-drained soils. This species is native to the south of New Hanover County and can handle warmer temperatures. This would be a good long term choice in light of climate change induced warming for the area.
8. Smooth Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium), a Viburnum for All Soils
Smooth blackhaw is generally found in disturbed habitats and like the small-leaf viburnum can greatly exceed the height its wild counterparts in an ideal garden setting, growing up to 30 feet. It also has white flowers and reddish-purple drupe in the fall that is loved by birds. Companion plants that provide a good color contrast include butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), and joe-pye weed (Eutrochium fistulosum). Since this species can handle a wide variety of soils, other companion plants are similar to the other species.
Facts about Smooth Blackhaw
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, generally throughout (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No, but is in adjacent counties
- Natural Habitat: Open areas, upland woods, floodplains (Gaddy 2008), disturbed habitats (Clark and Bauer 2001), thickets (Fernald 1936)
- Height: 7 ft (2.1 m) to 30 ft (9.1 m)
- Flower Color: White
- Flowering Period: May to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 3-9
Gardening with Smooth Blackhaw
In your New Hanover County, North Carolina butterfly garden, this Viburnum needs full sun to part-shade and dry to moist well-drained soils. This may experience some heat stress in the future from climate change warming.
9. Downy Arrow-wood (Viburnum rafinesquianum), a Viburnum for Dry Well-drained Soils
Downy arrow-wood is found in woodland areas in the wild and is noted for its fall foliage, which is a bronze-purple color. Growing up to 10 feet tall it has white to cream flowers and a blue-black drupe, loved by birds. Possible companion plants in the New Hanover County area include New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), blazing star (Liatris spicata), swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), obedient plant (Physostegia virgniana), and columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).
Facts about Downy Arrow-wood
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, central counties (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No
- Natural Habitat: open woodlands, rocky hillside (Reaume 2009), rocky shorelines (Rousseau 1974), limestone savanna (Alvar) (Catling and Brownell 1995), dry thickets (Maycock and Eahselt (1997), and low woodlands (Fernald 1942)
- Height: 6 ft (1.8 m) to 10 ft (3 m)
- Flower Color: white to cream
- Flowering Period: May to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 3-8
Gardening with Downy Arrow-wood
In your New Hanover County, North Carolina butterfly garden, this viburnum needs full sun to part shade and dry well-drained soils. This species is noted for its bronze-purple foliage in the fall (Koller 1981). Being at the upper limit of it hardiness zone, this species may have some heat stress.
10. Smooth Arrow-wood (Viburnum recognitum), a Viburnum for Medium to Moist Well-drained Soils
Smooth arrow-wood can found in wetland areas and woodlands in the wild. Growing up to 15 feet tall, this species has white flowers and drupes that are loved by birds in the fall. Suitable companion plants include blazing star (Liatris spicata), butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), and spotted Joe-Pye weed (Eutrochium maculatum).
Facts about Smooth Arrow-wood
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, generally central counties, scattered elsewhere (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: Yes
- Natural Habitat: swamps (Dugal 1988), damp thickets (Roedner, et al 1978), thickets (Palmer 1974), secondary dunes and seasonal ponds (Lortie, et al 1991), and mesic woodland forest (Larimore, et al 2008)
- Height: 5 ft (1.5 m) to 15 ft (4.6 m)
- Flower Color: white or rarely pink (Roedner, et al 1978)
- Flowering Period: March to June
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 4-9
Gardening with Smooth Arrow-wood
In your New Hanover County, North Carolina butterfly garden, this viburnum needs full sun to part shade and moist to medium well-drained soils.
11. Rusty Blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum), a Viburnum for Medium to Dry Soils
Rusty blackhaw is generally found in drier woodlands in the wild. Growing up to 20 feet tall, it has white flowers and blue-black drupes in the autumn. Companion plants that complement rusty blackhaw include butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), sweet Joe-Pye weed (Eutrochium purpureum), and purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea).
Facts about Rusty Blackhaw
- Native to North Carolina: Yes, scattered throughout, except western counties (Kartesz 2015)
- Native to New Hanover County: No, but is in adjacent counties
- Natural Habitat: rocky or dry woods (Steyermark 1940), limestone (Thompson, et al 2005), cedar barrens (Carr 1944), oak-hickory woodlands (Wofford, et al 1979), calcareous prairies (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1996), and disturbed habitats (Clark and Bauer 2001)
- Height: 10 ft (3.0 m) to 20 ft (6.1 m)
- Flower Color: white to cream
- Flowering Period: April to May
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 5-9
Gardening with Rusty Blackhaw
In your New Hanover County, North Carolina butterfly garden, this viburnum needs full sun to part shade and dry to medium well-drained soils. This plant can handle poor soils making it versatile for most garden situations.
When selecting your New Hanover County, NC viburnum, be sure to make sure that it grows in your zone and habitat.
Books where you can find out more about Butterfly Gardening in New Hanover County, NC
- Daniels, Jaret C. 2021. Butterflies of the South & Southeast – Your Way to Easily Identify Butterflies – Adventure Quick Guides. Adventure Publications.22 pp.
- Daniels, Jaret C. 2021. Garden Bugs & Insects of the South & Southeast – Identify Pollinators, Pests, and Other Garden Visitors – Adventure Quick Guides. Adventure Publications. 36 pp.
- Daniels, Jaret C. 2021. Native Plant Gardening for Birds, Bees & Butterflies. Southeast – Nature Friendly Gardens. Adventure Publications. 276 pp.
- Frick-Ruppert, Jennifer. 2010. Mountain Nature – A Seasonal Natural History of the Southern Appalachians. The University of North Carolina Press. 224 pp.
- LeGrand, Harry, Derb Carter, Jr., Jeff Pippen, and Pierre Howard. 2024. Butterflies of North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. The University of North Carolina Press. 448 pp.
- Mellichamp, Larry, Paula Gross, and Will Stuart. 2020. The Southeast Native Plant Primer – 225 Plants for an Earth-Friendly Garden. Timber Press. 256 pp.
Affiliate Disclosure: When you click on links to various merchants on this site and make a purchase, this site can earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Affiliate programs include, but are not limited to, the eBay Partner Network and Blackwell’s Books.
References for New Hanover County, NC Viburnums
- Arnold Arboretum. 1919. Viburnum lentago. Bulletin of Popular Information. 5 (7): 28.
- Belden, Allen and Katherine L. Derge. 2003. The flora and fauna of Virginia Army National Guard OMS No. 1 and No. 2 near Sandston, Henrico County, Virginia. Banisteria 22: 22-42.
- Bouchard, Andre’, Denis Barabe’, Madeliene Dumais, and Stuart Hay. 1983. The Rare Vascular Plants of Quebec. (Ottawa, ON: National Museum of Natural Sciences).
- Catling, Paul M. anf Vivian R. Brownell. 1995. A review of the Great Lakes Region: Distribution, floristic comparison, biogeography, and protection. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 109 (2): 143-171.
- Carr, Lloyd G. 1944. A New Species of Houstonia from the Cedar Barrens of Lee County, Virginia. Rhodora 46: 306-310.
- Clark, Ross C. and Ryan M. Bauer. 2001. Woody Plants of Six Northern Kentucky Counties. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 62(1): 39-51.
- Dugal, Albert W. 1988. Southern Arrow-wood, Viburnum recognitum, A Rare Ontario Species in the Ottawa District. Trail & Landscape 22 (4): 151-155.
- Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1942. The Seventh Century of additions to the flora of Virginia. Rhodora 44: 457-479.
- Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1936. Plants from the Outer Coastal Plain of Virginia (continued). Rhodora 38: 414-452.
- Gaddy, L.L. 2008. A New Sessile-Flowered Trillium (Liliaceae: Subgenus Phyllantherum) from South Carolina. Phytologia 90 (3): 382-390.
- Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2015. Taxonomic Data Center (BONAP). Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2015. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)].
- King, Wilbur. 1912. The Flora of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Torreya 12: 208-215.
- Koller, Gary. 1981. Shrubs for Hillsides and Embankments. Arnoldia 41: 193.
- Larrimore, Richard L., Loy R. Phillippe, and John E. Ebinger. 2008. Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermillion County, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 38, article 4.
- Lortie, J.P., Bruce A. Sorrie, D.W. Holt. 1991. Flora of the Montgomery Islands Chatham, Massachusetts. Rhodora 93: 361-389.
- MacRoberts, Michael H., Barbara R. MacRoberts, and Lynn Stacey Johnson. 2004. Observations of Parnassia grandifolia DC. (Saxifragaceae) in the West Gulf Coast Plain. Phytologia 86: 98-103.
- MacRoberts, Barbara R. and Michael H. MacRoberts. 1996. The floristics of calcareous prairies on the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana. Phytologia 81: 35-43.
- Maycock, Paul F. and Dianne Eahselt. 1997. An inventory of ecologically significant natural vegetation in the province of Ontario: 1. Essex County. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 474-486.
- McCormac, J.S. and G.J. Schneider. 1994. Floristic Diversity of a Disturbed Western Ohio Fen. Rhodora 96: 327-353.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. 1954. Some notes on the flora of Southern Illinois. Rhodora 56: 227-228.
- Palmer, Ernest J. 1947. Second supplement to the spontaneous Flora of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 28: 410-418.
- Reaume, Tom. 2009. Biology of the Downy Arrow-wood (Viburnum rafinesquianum). Blue Jay 67 (2): 89-96.
- Roedner, Beverly J., David A. Hamilton, Keith E. Evans. 1978. Rare Plants of the Ozark Plateau: a field identification guide. USDA: North Central Forest Expriment Station.
- Rousseau, C. 1974. Ge’ographie floristique de Que’bec/Labrador. Distritbution des principales especes vascularies. Les Presses de of I’Unversitie Laval. Quebec 799 pp. in (Bouchard, et al 1983).
- Steyermark, Julian. 1940. Studies of the vegetation of Missouri – I. Natural Plant Associations and Succession in the Ozarks of Missouri. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 9(5): Publication 485.
- Sundell, Eric, Thomas R. Dale, Carl Amason, Robert L. Stuckey, and John Logan. 1999. Noteworthy Vascular Plants from Arkansas. Sida 18: 877-887.
- Thompson, Ralph L., J. Richard Abbott, Andrew E. Shupe. 2005. Vascular Flora from Five Plant Habitats of an Abandoned Limestone Quarry in Clark County, Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 66 (1): 24-34.
- Wofford, Eugene B., Thomas S. Patrick, Loy R. Phillippe, David H. Webb. 1979. The Vascular Flora of Savage Gulf, Tennessee. Sida 8: 135-151.